The harmful effects on Muslim-led INGOs produced by information manipulation attacks include the triggering of investigations by charity regulators, government agencies, and Congress. Information manipulation campaigns can also make their way to financial institutions, contributing to financial access challenges for INGOs. This can manifest in account closures, account refusals, and delayed or canceled international wire transfers, which can also have knock-on effects on life saving programs abroad. The generators and promoters of manipulated information then cite any investigations and bank account closures as further “evidence” of malfeasance. To defend against these sustained attacks, the targeted INGOs are forced to divert resources intended for people in need to public relations and political communications functions.

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